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				<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">et</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">et</journal-id>
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			<journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы природопользования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Environmental Management Issues</trans-title></trans-title-group>
</journal-title-group>			<issn pub-type="epub">3034-3461</issn>			<publisher><publisher-name>Индивидуальный предприниматель Подколзин М.М.</publisher-name></publisher>
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			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25726/t1269-6741-1529-g</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">195</article-id>
			<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОКРУЖАЮЩАЯ СРЕДА И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
			<title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Растворы электролитов для химических источников тока</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Electrolyte solutions for chemical power sources</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group>
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						<name name-style="western" specific-use="primary" xml:lang="ru">
							<surname>Иванов</surname>
							<given-names>Петр Сергеевич</given-names>
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						<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
							<surname>Ivanov</surname>
							<given-names>Peter S.</given-names>
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					<email>ivanov@mgu.ru</email>
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				<aff xml:lang="ru"><institution content-type="orgname">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff>
				<aff xml:lang="en"><institution content-type="orgname">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff>
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			<pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date>
			<volume seq="4">44</volume>
			<issue>33</issue>
				<issue-id>14</issue-id><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы природопользования </issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="en">Environmental management issues</issue-title><fpage>35</fpage>
				<lpage>43</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-27">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
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			<permissions>
				<copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2025 Вопросы природопользования</copyright-statement>
				<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
				<copyright-holder>Вопросы природопользования</copyright-holder>
				<license xml:lang="ru" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0">
					<license-p>Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование — Без производных произведений») 4.0 Всемирная.</license-p>
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					<license-p>Метаданные настоящей записи распространяются на условиях Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (передача в общественное достояние).</license-p>
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			<abstract><p>Исследование растворов электролитов и теория их строения являются предметом пристального внимания исследователей в течение последних двух столетий, поскольку они обеспечивают условия транспорта ионов и формирования типа проводимости. Возникновение ионной проводимости зависит от структуры и состава электролита, которые формируют его физико-химические и электрохимические свойства. Особенным является влияние природы растворителя, и его взаимодействие с солевым компонентом раствора. Общим физико-химическим свойством растворов электролитов является степень диссоциации, которая определяет формирование проводящей среды. Но до сих пор существуют ограничения. Ограниченность представлений распределения электролитов по степени диссоциации на сильные и слабые было обнаружено в начале систематических исследований ионных процессов в неводных растворителях (П. Вальден, Ч. Краус, Г. Фуосс, Н. А. Измайлов). Действительно, оказалось, что много электролитов, нацело диссоциированных в воде (хлороводород, азотная и хлорная кислота, много солей), оказываются слабыми в неводных растворителях, где их поведение подпадает под закон действующих масс. Таким образом, что сила электролита (как свойство диссоциировать на ионы) обусловлена также и свойством растворителя. Поэтому современные теории электролиты делятся на истинные (ионофоры) и псевдоэлектролиты (ионогены). Ионофоры – это соединения, которые уже в конденсированном состоянии существуют в ионной форме. Это неорганические соли (NaCl, K2SO4), и органические, такие, как N(C2H5)4Pic. Ионогены образуют (генерируют) ионы только при контакте с растворителем. К ионогенам относят водные растворы уксусной, бензойной кислот, хлороводорода и другие. Таким образом, растворитель является неотъемлемой составляющей такого электролита, а его химические и физические свойства оказывают большое влияние на дальнейшие изменения физико-химических свойств электролитной системы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study of electrolyte solutions and the theory of their structure have been the subject of close attention of researchers over the past two centuries, since they provide conditions for ion transport and the formation of a type of conductivity. The occurrence of ionic conductivity depends on the structure and composition of the electrolyte, which form its physico-chemical and electrochemical properties. Of particular importance is the effect of the nature of the solvent and its interaction with the saline component of the solution. A common physico-chemical property of electrolyte solutions is the degree of dissociation, which determines the formation of a conductive medium. But there are still limitations. The limited understanding of the distribution of electrolytes by the degree of dissociation into strong and weak was discovered at the beginning of systematic studies of ionic processes in non-aqueous solvents (P. Walden, C. Kraus, G. Fuoss, N. A. Izmailov). Indeed, it turned out that many electrolytes that are completely dissociated in water (hydrogen peroxide, nitric and perchloric acid, and many salts) turn out to be weak in non-aqueous solvents, where their behavior falls under the law of acting masses. Thus, the strength of the electrolyte (as a property of dissociating into ions) is also determined by the property of the solvent. Therefore, modern theories divide electrolytes into true (ionophores) and pseudo-electrolytes (ionogens). Ionophores are compounds that already exist in the condensed state in ionic form. These are inorganic salts (NaCl, K2SO4), and organic salts such as N(C2H5)4Pic. Ionogens form (generate) ions only upon contact with a solvent. Ionogens include aqueous solutions of acetic acid, benzoic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and others. Thus, the solvent is an integral component of such an electrolyte, and its chemical and physical properties have a great impact on further changes in the physico-chemical properties of the electrolyte system.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study of electrolyte solutions and the theory of their structure have been the subject of close attention of researchers over the past two centuries, since they provide conditions for ion transport and the formation of a type of conductivity. The occurrence of ionic conductivity depends on the structure and composition of the electrolyte, which form its physico-chemical and electrochemical properties. Of particular importance is the effect of the nature of the solvent and its interaction with the saline component of the solution. A common physico-chemical property of electrolyte solutions is the degree of dissociation, which determines the formation of a conductive medium. But there are still limitations. The limited understanding of the distribution of electrolytes by the degree of dissociation into strong and weak was discovered at the beginning of systematic studies of ionic processes in non-aqueous solvents (P. Walden, C. Kraus, G. Fuoss, N. A. Izmailov). Indeed, it turned out that many electrolytes that are completely dissociated in water (hydrogen peroxide, nitric and perchloric acid, and many salts) turn out to be weak in non-aqueous solvents, where their behavior falls under the law of acting masses. Thus, the strength of the electrolyte (as a property of dissociating into ions) is also determined by the property of the solvent. Therefore, modern theories divide electrolytes into true (ionophores) and pseudo-electrolytes (ionogens). Ionophores are compounds that already exist in the condensed state in ionic form. These are inorganic salts (NaCl, K2SO4), and organic salts such as N(C2H5)4Pic. Ionogens form (generate) ions only upon contact with a solvent. Ionogens include aqueous solutions of acetic acid, benzoic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and others. Thus, the solvent is an integral component of such an electrolyte, and its chemical and physical properties have a great impact on further changes in the physico-chemical properties of the electrolyte system.</p></trans-abstract>
			
			
			<kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><title>Ключевые слова</title><kwd>псевдоэлектролиты</kwd><kwd>раствор</kwd><kwd>растворитель</kwd><kwd>кислоты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>pseudo electrolytes</kwd><kwd>solution</kwd><kwd>solvent</kwd><kwd>acids</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group>
				<funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено без внешнего финансирования.</funding-statement>
				<funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted without external funding.</funding-statement>
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