Theory of the extraction process of biologically active substances of plant raw materials

Abstract

Extracts-concentrates that are prepared from well-dried PC are commonly referred to as extracts. They are classified according to their consistency (liquid, thick and dry) and the characteristics of the selected extractant (water, oil, alcohol, ether). Liquid extracts are concentrated alcoholic and aqueous extracts from JPC, obtained in a 1:1 ratio by weight (1 kg of liquid extract is obtained from 1 kg of raw materials). The advantages are the same ratio between the active ingredients of MS and GP. They can be produced without evaporation and are easy to measure. Disadvantages – sediment formation, special storage and transportation conditions are needed. Thick extracts – concentrated extracts from MS are viscous masses with a moisture content of at least 30%). The advantages are that they do not spill out of containers and are used as binding, shaping substances in the production of pills and tablets. Disadvantages-they dry and harden quickly enough in the air when weighing, and they moisten quickly enough at high humidity, which leads to mold formation. Dry extracts are concentrated extracts from MS. They are loose with a moisture content of > 5%. They are considered the most rational because of the ease of use. Disadvantages – high hygroscopicity. EP is obtained from PC using a selected extractant. The therapeutic effect is caused by the presence of a large BAR complex. They enhance, weaken or completely change the effect of the active substance. The fairly widespread use of LR, biologically active additives (BAA) and many cosmetics based on BAA now requires improved technologies for their production. It is necessary to search for new effective ways to intensify the extraction process. An urgent issue is the development of optimal technological production schemes for analytical step-by-step control. Along with the improvement of technologies for extracting BAR from PC, there remains a choice of process conditions: the choice of extractant, temperature, duration of the process, the degree of grinding of raw materials, the ratio of raw materials to extractant, and the sequence of operations. The main technological parameters of PC include its moisture content, EP content, bulk, specific gravity, bulk density, porosity, free volume of the PC layer, surface and particle size of its tissue, rate and magnitude of swelling, extractant absorption, washout coefficient, CD of substances inside the raw material, and the like. Determining the porosity and free volume of the layer makes it possible to establish the necessary raw material-extractant ratios.